Demographic characteristics of 2153 women and their children according to excessive crying status (N = 61).

<p>Demographic characteristics of 2153 women and their children according to excessive crying status (N = 61).</p

Differences in BP, HR, HRV and resting ANS activity at age 5–6 years according to excessive crying in early infancy compared to non-excessive infant crying.

<p>Differences in BP, HR, HRV and resting ANS activity at age 5–6 years according to excessive crying in early infancy compared to non-excessive infant crying.</p

Associations between autonomic nervous system activity and continuous metabolic components at age 5–6 years.

<p>Note. The residuals from all models were normally distributed and variances were homogeneous. The R² represents the unadjusted explained variance.</p><p>Model 1: adjusted for age, sex and time of the day of measurement (when SBP or total metabolic profile were the outcome, additional adjustment for child’s height)</p><p>Model 2: Model 1 + education level, ethnicity, sports participation, screen time, hours of sleep and anxiety.</p><p>WHtR = Waist to height ratio, HDL = High density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG = triglycerides, SBP = Systolic blood pressure, PEP = pre-ejection period, HR = Heart rate, RSA = Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, CAB = Cardio-autonomic balance, CoAR = cardiac autonomic regulation.</p><p>^† Defined as sum of z-scores of WHtR, SBP, TG, -1xHDL, Glucose</p><p>* p<0.05;</p><p>** p<0.01;</p><p>*** p<0.001.</p><p>Associations between autonomic nervous system activity and continuous metabolic components at age 5–6 years.</p

Associations between autonomic nervous system activity and risk for adverse metabolic components at age 5–6 years.

<p>Note. Goodness-of-fit tests showed no evidence of lack of fit (P>0.23). WHtR = Waist to height ratio, HDL = High density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG = triglycerides, SBP = Systolic blood pressure, PEP = pre-ejection period, HR = Heart rate, RSA = Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, CAB = Cardiac autonomic balance, CoAR = cardiac autonomic regulation.</p><p>Model 1: adjusted for age, sex and time of the day of measurement (when SBP or total metabolic profile were the outcome, additional adjustment for child’s height)</p><p>Model 2: Model 1 + education level, ethnicity, sports participation, screen time, hours of sleep and anxiety</p><p>^† Defined as 3 or more out of 5 adverse components</p><p>* p<0.05;</p><p>** p<0.01;</p><p>*** p<0.001.</p><p>Associations between autonomic nervous system activity and risk for adverse metabolic components at age 5–6 years.</p

Sample characteristics.

<p>WHtR = Waist to height ratio, HDL = High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG = triglycerides, SBP = Systolic blood pressure, PEP = pre-ejection period, HR = Heart rate, RSA = Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, CAB = Cardio Autonomic Balance.</p><p>Sample characteristics.</p

Mean HR and RSA as a function of the number of adverse metabolic components (high waist-height ratio, high glucose, high triglycerides, prehypertension and low HDL).

<p>Results are adjusted for age, sex, time of the day of measurement, education level, ethnicity, sports participation, screen time, hours of sleep and anxiety.</p

Schematic presentation of the study with all exclusion criteria.

<p>Schematic presentation of the study with all exclusion criteria.</p